Gingival Crevicular Fluid Immunoglobulins in Smokers with Chronic Periodontitis

Tobacco smoking is regarded as one of the most significant risk factors in the development and progression of periodontal disease. Studies have shown an altered host antibody response to antigenic challenge in smokers with periodontitis. The study was undertaken to estimate the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) immunoglobulin G,A,M (IgA, IgG and IgM) levels in smokers and non smoker with periodontitis. Patients with a periodontal probing depth > 4mm and clinical attachment loss > 2mm in at least 30% of the teeth were diagnosed as chronic periodontitis group. Subject who smoked minimum of 10 cigarettes per day for not less than two years were included in smoker periodontitis group. GCF samples were obtained from the patient using filter paper and the immunoglobulin levels were estimated by the radial immunodiffusion assay. Gingival crevicular fluid immunoglobulins were found to be relatively lower in smokers compared to non-smokers. The IgA levels showed significant reduction in smokers. Current observations indicate that cigarette smoking may be associated with the suppression of B-cell function and immunoglobulin production. The alteration of antibody levels further explains the potential mechanism by which smoking exacerbates periodontal disease. Further studies at molecular level may highlight the specific mechanism by which tobacco can interact with cells of the immune system and its impact on periodontal disease process.